1
10
16
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
NKAA Entries
NKAA Entries
Birth Year
1899
Death Year
1902
Sort
48TH AND 49TH US VOLUNTEER INFANTRIES AMERICANPHILIPPINE WAR
Person
n
Legacy Identifier
2189
Kentucky County & Region
Boyle County - Bluegrass
Franklin County - Bluegrass
Fayette County - Bluegrass
Simpson County - Pennyrile
Jefferson County - Bluegrass
Montgomery County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Nicholas County - Bluegrass
Harrison County - Bluegrass
Hardin County - Pennyrile
Russell County - Pennyrile
Kenton County - Bluegrass
Bourbon County - Bluegrass
Madison County - Knobs Arc
Pulaski County - Pennyrile
Shelby County - Bluegrass
Clark County - Bluegrass
Kentucky Place (Town or City)
Danville
Frankfort
Lexington
Franklin
Louisville
Mt. Sterling
Carlisle
Cynthiana
Elizabethtown
Jamestown
Milldale
Newport
Paris
Richmond
Somerset
Shelbyville
Winchester
Outside Kentucky Place Name
Luzon, Philippines
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
48th and 49th U.S. Volunteer Infantries, American-Philippine War
Description
An account of the resource
The 48th and 49th Infantries, organized in 1899, were African American volunteer regiments designated for battle in the American-Philippine War. The line officers were African Americans. During President McKinley's second term in office, the 48th and 49th were formed with the appointment of 24 Captains, 50 1st Lieutenants, 48 2nd Lieutenants, and 2,688 enlisted men, all African Americans. The field and staffs were white. <br /><br />The regiments arrived in the Philippines in January 1900, stationed in the Department of Northern Luzon. The units had their share of racial problems, and the African American officers were treated as enlisted men. Back home in the U.S, African American leaders opposed the war, including Bishop Henry M. Turner, Booker T. Washington, and Washington, D.C., newspaper editor E. E. Cooper. After a year and a half, the 48th and 49th were the last of the volunteer forces to return to the U.S., in May and June of 1901. <br /><br />Of all the U.S. volunteer regiments in the Philippines, the 48th and 49th had the least desertions and reports of abuse of the Filipino people. Private Thomas Taylor, a 14-year old from Winchester, KY, was one of the youngest U.S. volunteers in the Philippines.<br /><br />Listed in the 1900 U.S. Federal Census among the 125 men in Company A, 49th Regiment Volunteer Infantry, were 12 Kentucky natives.
<ul>
<li><strong>Danville</strong> - Private Governor Durham (b. 1875)</li>
<li><strong>Frankfort</strong> - 2nd Lieutenant Henry Walls (b. 1870)</li>
<li><strong>Lexington</strong> - Corporal Clifford Chambers (b. 1880)</li>
<li><strong>Franklin</strong> - Private Abby Anderson (b. 1878) and Private James Turner (b. 1878)</li>
<li><strong>Louisville</strong> - Corporal Lenwood Kendall (b. 1878), Corporal John VanDyke (b. 1872), Private James J. Lewis (b. 1876), Private William Logwood (b. 1878), Private Charley Miles (b. 1878,) and Private Sam Turner (b. 1877)</li>
<li><strong>Mt. Sterling</strong> - Private Keas Anderson (b. 1878)</li>
</ul>
Listed in the 1900 U.S. Federal Census among the more than 200 men in Company G, 48th Regiment Volunteer Infantry are more than 60 Kentucky natives, many from Winchester.
<ul>
<li><strong>Carlisle </strong>- Private George Price (b. 1878)</li>
<li><strong>Cynthiana</strong> - Musician Edward J. Berryman (b. 1879), Private Virgil Asberry (b. 1880), Private James H. Block (b. 1880), Private James L. Bradshaw (b. 1877), Private Calvern Hill (b. 1880), Private Sanford Holmes (b. 1879), Private John Ingles (b. 1876), and Private Newell G. Lattamore (b. 1866)</li>
<li><strong>Elizabethtown</strong> - Private Edward Clark (b. 1879)</li>
<li><strong>Frankfort</strong> - Private Abe Crocket (b. 1871)</li>
<li><strong>Jamestown</strong> - Private John Wallace (b. 1873)</li>
<li><strong>Lexington</strong> - Private Joseph Adley (b. 1880) and Private William D. Carter (b. 1873)</li>
<li><strong>Louisville</strong> - Private Robert Parrish (b. 1881)</li>
<li><strong>Mildale</strong> - Sergeant William H. Jones (b. 1869)</li>
<li><strong>Newport </strong>- Corporal George E. Bassett (b. 1869)</li>
<li><strong>Paris</strong> - Corporal James Helvey (b. 1875), Musician James C. Whaley (b. 1882), Artificer George T. Robinson (b. 1869), Private Richard Bedinger (b. 1878), Private Charles H. Robinson (b. 1879), Private John H. Robinson (b. 1880), Private Charles Steward (b. 1874), and Private Thomas Turner (b. 1877)</li>
<li><strong>Richmond</strong> - Corporal Creed V. Irvine (b. 1881), Corporal Pleas Ferrill (b. 1880), Cook Wesley Harris (b. 1874), Private William Black (b. 1878), Private James G. Brock (b. 1878), Private John Dillingham (b. 1873), Private Merrill Gentry (b. 1878), Private John Russell (b. 1867), Private Auros White (b. 1878), and Private Elder W. Campbell (b. 1872)</li>
<li><strong>Somerset</strong> - Private Kite Allen (b. 1881) and Private Thomas Johnson (b. 1881)</li>
<li><strong>Shelbyville</strong> - Private Fleur Lavine (b. 1879)</li>
<li><strong>Winchester</strong> - Corporal John Clemens (b. 1860), Corporal Arthur Taylor (b. 1879), Corporal Robert Haggard (b. 1865), Private Thomas Downey (b. 1877), Private William Fulda (b. 1868), Private Isaac Gipson (b. 1881), Private Fred Kohlas (b. 1881), Private George W. Mills (b. 1881), Private Andrew Poston (b. 1865), Private Lee Taylor (b. 1881), Corporal Spencer Turner (b. 1880), Private Allen Childs (b. 1877), Private Samuel Duncan (b. 1880), Private Richard Hunter (b. 1882), Private William T. Rones (b. 1880), Private Robert Simpson (b. 1880), Private Thomas Taylor (b. 1885), Private William Taylor (b. 1879), Private Henry Watts (b.1 882), Private Parker Wells (b. 1881), Private Joseph Williams (b. 1882), and Private Theodore Wilson (b. 1880)</li>
<li><strong>Kentucky (no city given)</strong> - Private Daneal Amos (b. 1879), Private Edward Clay (b. 1877), Private James Judy (b. 1872), and Private Edward Smith (b. 1877).</li>
</ul>
For more see <em>"</em><a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Negro_Year_Book/-MEKAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Volunteer%20regiments">Negro Volunteer Regiments in Spanish-American War</a>" in <em>Negro Year Book, 1916-1917,</em> edited by M. N. Work [available online at Google Books]; and John Scott Reed, "Black Volunteer Troops in the Spanish-Cuban/American War and the Philippine War (1898-1901)" in <em><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/300001945">The War of 1898 and the U.S. Interventions, 1898-1934</a></em>, by B. R. Beede. <br /><br />For more on the encounters of the 48th and 49th, see <em>Annual Report of Major General Adna R. Chaffee, U.S. Army, Commanding Division of the Philippines</em>, vol. II, 1901 [available full-text at <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Annual_Report_of_Major_General_Adna_R_Ch/Ig0FAAAAMAAJ?hl=en#PPP5,M1">Google Books</a>]; and "<a href="https://museum.dmna.ny.gov/unit-history/conflict/revolutionary-war-1775-1783/black-americans-us-military-american-revolution-korean-war-american-revolution-1808/black-americans-us-military-american-revolution-korean-war-introduction">Black Americans in the U.S. Military from the American Revolution to the Korean War,</a>" a New York State Military Museum website.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Military and Veterans
Philippine–American War
Spanish-American War
U.S. Army
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
NKAA Entries
NKAA Entries
Birth Year
1830
Sort
AFRICAN AMERICAN SLAVE OWNERS IN KENTUCKY
Person
n
Legacy Identifier
2080
Kentucky County & Region
Adair County - Pennyrile
Barren County - Pennyrile
Bourbon County - Bluegrass
Bracken County - Bluegrass
Bullitt County - Knobs Arc
Christian County - Pennyrile
Clark County - Bluegrass
Fayette County - Bluegrass
Fleming County - Bluegrass
Franklin County - Bluegrass
Graves County - Jackson Purchase
Green County - Pennyrile
Harrison County - Bluegrass
Henderson County - Western Coal Field
Jefferson County - Bluegrass
Jessamine County - Bluegrass
Knox County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Logan County - Pennyrile
Madison County - Knobs Arc
Mason County - Bluegrass
Mercer County - Bluegrass
Montgomery County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Nelson County - Knobs Arc
Nicholas County - Bluegrass
Rockcastle County - Knobs Arc
Shelby County - Bluegrass
Warren County - Pennyrile
Washington County - Bluegrass
Woodford County - Bluegrass
Kentucky Place (Town or City)
Mount Washington
Hopkinsville
Lexington
Frankfort
Louisville
Russellville
Washington
Bardstown
Shelbyville
Springfield
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
African American Owners of Enslaved Persons in Kentucky
Description
An account of the resource
<p>In 1924 the Research Department of the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History completed a study of the free Negro slave owners found in the 1830 U. S. Federal Census. The study found 3,777 Negro slave owners in the United States. Negro slave owners were listed in 29 Kentucky counties (see below). <br /><br />Ownership may have meant the purchase of a spouse, an individual's children, or other relatives who were not emancipated. Ownership was also an investment: purchased children and adults may or may not have been given the opportunity to work off their purchase price in exchange for their freedom. <br /><br /><em>A History of World Societies</em> documents a total of 6,000 Negro slave owners in the U.S. for the year 1840 [p. 846]. The 1850 and 1860 Slave Schedules do not identify slave owners by race; the individual names of slave owners must be searched in the U.S. Federal Census to identify the individual's race. <br /><br />For more see the Research Department's article, "Free Negro owners of slaves in the United States in 1830," <em><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/30000482">The Journal of Negro History</a></em>, vol. 9, no. 1 (Jan., 1924), pp. 41-85; <em><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/300001791">A History of World Societies</a></em>, by J. P. McKay, et al. [2006]; and <em><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/30000417">A History of Blacks in Kentucky</a></em>, by M. B. Lucas.<br /><br />Kentucky Counties with Negro Slave Owners in 1830<br />[book source: <em><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/300002545">Free Negro Owners of Slaves in the United States in 1830</a></em>, compiled and edited by C. G. Woodson, pp. 4-6].</p>
<ol>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2270">Adair County</a> (1) - Swaney Burbridge</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2279">Barren County</a> (1) - Leander Force</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2283">Bourbon County</a> (9) - Peter Allen, Sally Wallace, Isaac Jones, James Monday, Peter Grant, Gabriel, Allen Heathman, Edmon Hurley, Stephen Brooks</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2288">Bracken County</a> (1) - Lethia Thomas</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2291">Bullitt County</a>, [Mt. Washington] (2) - Isaac Ellison, Bash Oldridge</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2309">Christian County</a>, [Hopkinsville] (1) - Michael Cocke</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2312">Clark County</a> (2) - John Dudley, George Birth</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2333">Fayette County</a> (13), [Lexington] (15) - Nancy Scott, Peter Whiting, Robert Gray, Charlotte Lewis, Richard Bird, William Tucker, Jesse Smith, Nathan Keifer, Benjamin Tibbs, Jane Brittain, Hannah Travis, Wittshire Brackenridge, Harvey Phillips, Frank Lee, Nicholas Black -- Peter Davis, Adam B. Martin, Isaac Howard, William Burk, Benjamin Caulden, Peter Francess, Ben Williams, Anaka Shores, Jer'y Allen, Alexander Allen, Samuel Dunlap, Rhody Clark, Robert Smith</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2337">Fleming County</a> (1) - Jacob Truett</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2342">Franklin County</a>, [Frankfort] (6) - Harry Mordecai, David Jones, John Ward, Burrel Chiles, John S. Goin, Samuel Brown</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2353">Graves County</a> (1) - Alias Keeling</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2356">Green County</a> (1) - Thomas Malone</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2364">Harrison County</a> (1) - Benjamin Berton</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2367">Henderson County</a> (1) - Liverpool Pointer</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2376">Jefferson County</a> (1), [Louisville] (5) - J. T. Gray -- Betty Cozzens, David Straws, Frank Merriwether, Daniel Brigadier, Sally</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2377">Jessamine County</a> (3) - Judith Higenbothan, Anthony of colour, William a man of color</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2409">Knox County</a> (1) - Isaiah Goins</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2439">Logan County</a>, [Russellville] (5) - Nicholas Valentine, Robert Buckner, Edward Jones, Isham Husketh, William Barber</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2446">Madison County</a> (1) - George White</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2462">Mason County</a> (9), [Washington] (3) - Thomas F. Bowles, John Glasford, Edward Cooper, H. Markham, Roseann Wann, Charles More, Ann Baylor, Edmond Toliver, Acam Diggs -- Peggy Miles, John Lightfoot, Isaac Johnson</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2471">Mercer County</a> (9) - Anderson Harris, Ben Harris, Spencer Easton, Fielding Melvin, Jemima Fry, Hercules Jenkins, George Warman, Adam Beaty, Sanko Robinson</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2474">Montgomery County</a> (1) - Richard Lee</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2494">Nelson County</a>, [Bardstown] (4) - Thomas Smiley, Joe Cocke, Thomas Rudd, George Aud</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2495">Nicholas County</a> (1) - George Mallery</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2542">Rockcastle County</a> (1) - David Cable</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2564">Shelby County</a> (1), [Shelbyville] (3) - John Edwards -- Peter Short, Hannah Harris, Jim Henson</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2593">Warren County</a> (2) - Jane Palmore, Bazzle Russell</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2599">Washington County</a>, [Springfield] (2) - Robert C. Palmer, Ignatius Sandy</li>
<li><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2605">Woodford County</a> (13) - Joe Miller, Lawrence Corbin, Betty Tutt, Billy Campbell, Henry Mason, Tom Stratford, Ambrose Hardy, Richard Harvey, Samuel Cloak, Nathan Twiner, Joel Hawkins, Moses Weaver, Jordan Ritchie</li>
</ol>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Free African American Slave Owners
Slavery in Kentucky, Sources
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Kentucky
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
NKAA Entries
NKAA Entries
Birth Year
1867
Death Year
1955
Sort
AFRICAN AMERICAN SCHOOLS IN NICHOLAS COUNTY KY
Person
n
Legacy Identifier
2807
Kentucky County & Region
Nicholas County - Bluegrass
Kentucky Place (Town or City)
Carlisle
Henryville
Headquarters
Moorefield
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
African American Schools in Nicholas County, KY
Description
An account of the resource
<p>One of the earliest colored schools in Nicholas County, KY, was located in Carlisle, it was a Freedmen School supported by the U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands [see NKAA entry <a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2699">Freedmen Schools</a>]. The year 1867 is the date given as the beginning of the colored school system in Nicholas County by author Mary Bradley Moss, in her thesis <em><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/300002971">The History of Education of Nicholas County</a></em>, p.104. In 1880, Samuel Mitchell was the teacher at Head Quarters [source: U.S. Federal Census]. The first report about the schools was recorded in 1881. There were four colored schools, one of which was held in the old jail house in Carlisle, and the other three were held in log cabins [source: Moss, p.104]. The school sessions were 2-3 months per year. <br /><br />By 1891, there were seven colored school districts with one school in each district, and the overall attendance ranged from 228 students to 150 students. Male teachers earned $30.16 per month and female teachers earned $30.47 per month [source: Moss, p.105]. In 1897, the school in Henryville was replaced with a new two story, frame building and there were two teachers [source: Moss, p.106]. The number of colored schools began to decrease in 1894, and by 1928, there were four: Henryville (2 schools), Moorefield, and Headquarters [source: Moss, p.107]. The principal at the Henryville Colored School taught the high school department and two female teachers taught the other grades [source: Moss, pp.107-108]. At the Henryville school, the principal was a high school graduate and earned $75.00 per month, while the female teachers had two years of college and earned $93.15 per month. All three were the highest paid teachers at the colored schools. The colored schools were under the county school system [source: Moss, p.109]. <br /><br />In 1916, Mary E. White and Mary F. Williams were two of the three teachers who were members of the Kentucky Negro Educational Association [source: <em><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/300001136">Proceedings of the Kentucky Negro Educational Association</a></em>, April 25-28, 1916, p.38]. Mrs. Lizzie D. McGowan was one of the school teachers in 1923 [source: <em>Proceedings of the Kentucky Negro Educational Association</em>, April 18-21, 1923, p.67]. In 1940, the Negro teachers in Nicholas County were Ethel L. Jones, Carrie D. Murray, and Mary Francis Williams [source: U.S. Federal Census]. Prior to the beginning of school desegregation at the Carlisle High School in 1955, Negro high school students in Nicholas County were bused to Western High School in Paris, KY [source: <em><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/300002972">Finding the Fifties</a></em> by D. J. Dampier; and <em><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/300002564">History of Nicholas County</a></em>by J. W. Conley]. The <a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/300003003" target="_blank"><em>Kentucky Public School Directory, 1956-57</em></a>, p. 444, lists the Carlisle Independent High School as the first in the county to start integrating the student population.</p>
<ul>
<li>Freedmen School</li>
<li>Colored Schools (7)</li>
<li>Carlisle School</li>
<li>Henryville School (2)</li>
<li>Moorefield School</li>
<li>Headquarters School</li>
<li>Booker T. Washington School [source:<em> <em>Kentucky School Directory, 1961-62</em></em>, p.883]</li>
</ul>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Education and Educators
Grade Schools and High Schools in Kentucky
Communities
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
NKAA Entries
NKAA Entries
Birth Year
1943
Death Year
1945
Sort
AFRICAN AMERICAN WACS WHO WERE BORN IN KENTUCKY
Person
n
Legacy Identifier
2139
External Digital Object Link
image_video^See Willa Brown Chappell's photograph from U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willa_Brown#/media/File:%22Willa_Beatrice_Brown,_a_31-year-old_Negro_American,_serves_her_country_by_training_pilots_for_the_U.S._Army_Air_Forces._-_NARA_-_535717.jpg
image_video^See history of African American women WACs, a video by "African American History is American History (AAHIAH)" Episode #11 Black Soldiers, Part 2.^https://youtu.be/_Aa9b8aaNnA
Kentucky County & Region
Hancock County - Western Coal Field
Daviess County - Western Coal Field
Kenton County - Bluegrass
Jefferson County - Bluegrass
Barren County - Pennyrile
Anderson County - Bluegrass
Scott County - Bluegrass
Grant County - Bluegrass
McCracken County - Jackson Purchase
Fayette County - Bluegrass
Bath County - Bluegrass
Fulton County - Jackson Purchase
Lincoln County - Knobs Arc
Madison County - Knobs Arc
Bourbon County - Bluegrass
Graves County - Jackson Purchase
Letcher County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Breckinridge County - Pennyrile
Harrison County - Bluegrass
Nicholas County - Bluegrass
Harlan County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Nelson County - Knobs Arc
Union County - Western Coal Field
Lyon County - Pennyrile
Daviess County - Western Coal Field
Bell County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Cumberland County - Pennyrile
Muhlenberg County - Western Coal Field
Fulton County - Jackson Purchase
Henderson County - Western Coal Field
Ohio County - Western Coal Field
Kentucky Place (Town or City)
Glasgow
Lawrenceburg
Sadieville
Richmond
Irvington
Carlisle
Benham
Bardstown
Sturgis
Flat Rock
Brandon
Paducah
Hawesville
Louisville
Flat Rock
Lexington
Sharpsburg
McRoberts
Stanford
Central City
Hickman
Hebbardsville
Cynthiana
Fulton
Echols
Paris
Martwick
Maddoxtown
Mayfield
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
African American WACs Born in Kentucky
Description
An account of the resource
<p>This is a partial list of the African American women born in Kentucky who served in the WACs. The information comes from World War II Army Enlistment Records. WAC [Women's Army Corps] was the women's branch of the U.S. Army, established in 1943. It was previously an auxiliary unit called WAAC [Women's Army Auxiliary Corps, formed in 1942 by Public Law 554]. The WACs were disbanded in 1973 and all units were integrated into the U.S. Army. <br /><br />For more information on African American women in the military, see <em>It's Our Military, Too: Women and the U.S. Military</em>, by J. H. Stiehm; <em>To Serve My Country, To Serve My Race</em>, by B. L. Moore; and <em>When the Nation was in Need: Blacks in the Women's Army Corps During World War II</em>, by M. S. Putney.<br /><br />*See <a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/references/nkaa-women-veterans">African American Women Veterans in and from Kentucky</a> for additional names.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="300004336" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Julia E. Jackson Aikens</a>, 1901-1993, Hawesville, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004338" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Martha L. Bell</a>, 1915-1998, Daviess County</li>
<li><a href="300004341" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Georgia A. Bradley</a>, 1900-1974, Louisville, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004344" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lena C. H. Bruce</a>, b. 1923, Kenton County</li>
<li><a href="300004345" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sarah M. Carr</a>, b. 1911, Jefferson County</li>
<li><a href="300004347" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Anna Mac Clark</a>, 1919-1944, Lawrenceburg, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004348" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gladys L. Collier</a>, 1923-1952, Letcher County</li>
<li><a href="300004349" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lula B. Collins</a>, b. 1910</li>
<li><a href="300004350" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dorothy C. Davis</a>, b. 1919</li>
<li><a href="300004351" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ethel W. Fields</a>, 1922-1997, Irvington, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004358" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Alma C. Fischer</a>, 1924-1980, Harrison County</li>
<li><a href="11" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Edna M. Griffin</a>, 1909-2000, Carlisle, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004360" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Willia M. Griffin</a>, 1920-1979, Benham, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004361" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Elizabeth Hardyster</a>, 1921-1979, Bardstown, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004362" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Vera A. Harrison Haskin</a>, 1919-2005, Sadieville, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004364" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ann M. Highsaw</a>, b. 1917, Jefferson County</li>
<li><a href="300004365" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Florence J. Hoard</a>, 1919-2006, Jefferson County</li>
<li><a href="300004366" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ruth Holt</a>, b. 1911, Sturgis, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004367" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hannah E. Huley</a>, 1914-1953, Flat Rock (Little Rock), KY</li>
<li><a href="300004368" target="_blank" rel="noopener">June C. Ingram</a>, 1921-2008, Brandon, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004370" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Juanita M. Irvin</a>, 1920-1979, Paducah, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004375" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Julia M. Jackson</a>, b. 1911, Lexington, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004376" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lula M. Johnson</a>, 1918-1984, Lexington, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004378" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Alma E. Kairson,</a> 1918-2002, Louisville, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004379" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Emma L. Lutz</a>, b. 1917</li>
<li><a href="300004381" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hollie B. Martin</a>, b. 1903</li>
<li><a href="300004352" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Anna C. Morrison</a>, 1924-2009, Richmond, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004382" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mary E. Neal</a>, 1914-2003, Bell County</li>
<li><a href="300004384" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Catherine Roberts</a>, 1920-1998, Sharpsburg, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004386" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Beulah D. Sims</a>, 1924-1962, McRoberts, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004387" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Emma Smith</a>, 1922-2020, Stanford, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004388" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Marjorie Smith</a>, b. 1923</li>
<li><a href="300004389" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mattie L. Sproul</a>, 1917-2015, Cumberland County</li>
<li><a href="300004390" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Vivian Steward</a>, 1918-1985, Louisville, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004391" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kara L. Stone</a>, 1929-1995, Louisville, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004392" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Susie D. L. Tardy</a>, 1920-1997, Central City, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004393" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Annie B. Thurman</a>, 1921-2003, Hickman, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004394" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ora L. Tichenor</a>, 1915-1987, Hebbardsville, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004395" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Anna S. Townsend</a>, 1923-2013, Cynthiana, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004396" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Effie M. Turner</a>, 1923-1994, Fulton, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004400" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Joanna M. Turner</a>, 1896-1980, Lexington, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004385" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Anna M. Wall</a>, 1925-2019, Fulton, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004401" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lena M. Warden</a>, 1923-1981, Echols, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004402" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Helen C. Washington</a>, 1923-2015, Paris, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004403" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Alice T. White</a>, 1923-1996, Lexington, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004404" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Thelma M. Wimbley</a>, 1921-1994, Martwick, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004405" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Daisy B. Utterback</a>, b. 1922, Mayfield, KY</li>
<li><a href="300004406" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dorothy J. Young</a>, 1921-1965, Louisville, KY</li>
</ul>
*See <a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/references/nkaa-women-veterans">African American Women Veterans in and from Kentucky</a> for additional names.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Military and Veterans
Women's Groups and Organizations
Women's Army Corps (WACs)
World War II
U.S. Army
-
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
NKAA Entries
NKAA Entries
Person
n
Kentucky County & Region
Adair County - Pennyrile
Bath County - Bluegrass
Bell County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Boyd County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Breathitt County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Carter County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Casey County - Pennyrile
Clark County - Bluegrass
Clay County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Clinton County - Pennyrile
Cumberland County - Pennyrile
Edmonson County - Western Coal Field
Elliott County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Estill County - Knobs Arc
Fleming County - Bluegrass
Floyd County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Garrard County - Knobs Arc
Green County - Pennyrile
Greenup County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Harlan County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Hart County - Pennyrile
Jackson County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Johnson County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Knott County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Knox County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Laurel County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Lawrence County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Lee County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Leslie County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Letcher County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Lewis County - Bluegrass
Lincoln County - Knobs Arc
McCreary County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Madison County - Knobs Arc
Magoffin County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Martin County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Menifee County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Metcalfe County - Pennyrile
Monroe County - Pennyrile
Montgomery County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Morgan County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Nicholas County - Bluegrass
Owsley County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Perry County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Pike County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Powell County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Pulaski County - Pennyrile
Robertson County - Bluegrass
Rockcastle County - Knobs Arc
Rowan County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Russell County - Pennyrile
Wayne County - Pennyrile
Whitley County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Wolfe County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Appalachian Counties in Kentucky
Description
An account of the resource
According to the Appalachian Regional Commission: "The Appalachian Region, as defined in ARC's authorizing legislation, is a 205,000-square-mile region that follows the spine of the Appalachian Mountains from southern New York to northern Mississippi. It includes all of West Virginia and parts of 12 other states: Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. Forty-two percent of the Region's population is rural, compared with 20 percent of the national population." ~ Source: <a href="https://www.arc.gov/appalachian_region/TheAppalachianRegion.asp" target="_blank">The Appalachian Region website</a>.<br /><br /> The region includes the following Kentucky counties: Adair, Bath, Bell, Boyd, Breathitt, Carter, Casey, Clark, Clay, Clinton, Cumberland, Edmonson, Elliott, Estill, Fleming, Floyd, Garrard, Green, Greenup, Harlan, Hart, Jackson, Johnson, Knott, Knox, Laurel, Lawrence, Lee, Leslie, Letcher, Lewis, Lincoln, McCreary, Madison, Magoffin, Martin, Menifee, Metcalfe, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Nicholas, Owsley, Perry, Pike, Powell, Pulaski, Robertson, Rockcastle, Rowan, Russell, Wayne, Whitley, and Wolfe.<br /><br />"Affralachian" or "Affrilachian" are nouns that refers to African Americans who are native to or resides in Appalachia.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Appalachian, Affralachian
-
https://ukscrc001.net/nkaa/files/original/cc5af9631adb03cc78e8e6743fd68079.mp4
2615940876fdf303e024e87c486620d6
https://ukscrc001.net/nkaa/files/original/96eb54a202853cbb7d5ecd4ae6fea17d.pdf
bc5491807927a84b6e9f47a393ad35e0
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
NKAA Entries
NKAA Entries
Outside Kentucky Place Name
Detroit, Michigan
Indianapolis, Indiana
Chicago, Illinois
Dayton, Ohio
Beloit, Wisconsin
Billings, Montana
Buffalo, New York
Charleston, West Virginia
Chattanooga, Tennessee
Denver, Colorado
Durham, North Carolina
Bruce, Michigan
Saginaw, Michigan
Columbus, Indiana
Connersville, Indiana
Cairo, Illinois
Champaign, Illinois
Bloomington, Illinois
East Saint Louis, Illinois
Akron, Ohio
Cincinnati, Ohio
Cleveland, Ohio
Columbus, Ohio
Brooklyn, New York
Edinburgh, Indiana
Elmsford, New York
Evansville, Indiana
Fair Haven, New Jersey
Findlay, Ohio
Flint, Michigan
Fort Wayne, Indiana
Freedom, Pennsylvania
Freeport, Illinois
Galesburg, Illinois
Gallatin, Tennessee
Gary, Indiana
Glendale, Ohio
Hamilton, Ohio
Hamtramck, Michigan
Huntington, West Virginia
Ithaca, New York
Kansas City, Kansas
Kansas City, Missouri
Kenosha, Wisconsin
Knoxville, Tennessee
Lancaster, New York
Lansing, Michigan
Logansport, Indiana
Los Angeles, California
Madison, Indiana
Manhattan, New York
Marion, Indiana
Melbourne, Florida
Memphis, Tennessee
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Nashville, Tennessee
New Albany, Indiana
New Rochelle, New York
Niagara Falls, New York
Oakland, California
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Omaha, Nebraska
Peoria, Illinois
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Phoebus, Virginia
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Pontiac, Michigan
Portland, Oregon
Prescott, Arkansas
Pueblo, Colorado
Queens, New York
Riverside, California
Rochester, New York
Royal Oak, Michigan
Salt Lake City, Utah
San Antonio, California
San Francisco, California
Somerville, Tennessee
South Bend, Indiana
Springfield, Ohio
Saint Louis, Missouri
Streator, Illinois
Syracuse, New York
Tampa, Florida
Toledo, Ohio
Topeka, Kansas
Tunica, Mississippi
Warrensville, Ohio
Waukegan, Illinois
White Plains, New York
Wichita, Kansas
Winston Salem, North Carolina
Youngstown, Ohio
Start Date
1910
End Date
1930
Kentucky County & Region
Jefferson County - Bluegrass
Logan County - Pennyrile
Boyd County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Knox County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Warren County - Pennyrile
Larue County - Pennyrile
Kenton County - Bluegrass
Harrison County - Bluegrass
Boyle County - Bluegrass
Fleming County - Bluegrass
Franklin County - Bluegrass
Scott County - Bluegrass
Muhlenberg County - Western Coal Field
Harlan County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Henderson County - Western Coal Field
Nicholas County - Bluegrass
Christian County - Pennyrile
Hopkins County - Pennyrile
Anderson County - Bluegrass
Logan County - Pennyrile
Fayette County - Bluegrass
Crittenden County - Pennyrile
Woodford County - Bluegrass
Graves County - Jackson Purchase
Mason County - Bluegrass
Henry County - Bluegrass
Carter County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Daviess County - Western Coal Field
McCracken County - Jackson Purchase
Edmonson County - Western Coal Field
Bell County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Scott County - Bluegrass
Shelby County - Bluegrass
Pulaski County - Pennyrile
Clark County - Bluegrass
Carroll County - Bluegrass
Kentucky Place (Town or City)
Louisville
Adairville
Ashland
Barbourville
Bowling Green
Buffalo
Covington
Cynthiana
Danville
Flemingsburg
Frankfort
Georgetown
Greenville
Harlan
Heidrick
Henderson
Henryville
Hopkinsville
Kitchen
Lawrenceburg
Lewisburg
Lexington
Madisonville
Marion
Market House
Mayfield
Maysville
Midway
New Castle
Olive Hill
Owensboro
Paducah
Parker
Pineville
Preachersville
Powder House
Russellville
Shelbyville
Stamping Ground
Sacramento
Stanley
Upper
Winchester
Worthville
Person
n
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Automobile Industry Employment: Kentucky, African Americans
Description
An account of the resource
<p><strong>By Reinette F. Jones, with assistance from Kathy L. Schiflett - 03/28/2018<br /><br />1910-1930 DRAWING POWER OF THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY</strong><br /><br />Repeated family tales give credit to thousands of African American men from Kentucky who headed up north at the turn of the 20th century to work in car factories and find a better way of life. Perhaps the pleasure is in the telling of the stories, but there were actually only a few hundred from Kentucky who made the trek and found employment in the northern automobile industry. The men were part of the first wave of families migrating to the industries in northern cities during the early 1900s. Knowing how many were employed in the automobile industry requires quite a bit of research, because it was not until about 1930 that the automobile industry began keeping data on African Americans both as employees and consumers.<br /><br />The invention and mass production of the car created new and various kinds of employment that drew a few thousand African Americans to northern cities. The period 1910-1930 was just prior to the labor union membership campaign, the early years leading to the Great Depression, and the impact of decreasing wages in the automobile industry. It was also the period when the African American population in Kentucky decreased by 35,616. <br /><br />The population loss was not because of the outmigration of automobile industry jobs: African Americans from Kentucky were an extremely small part of the northern workforce in the automobile industry between 1910 and 1930. The same was true for the automobile industry in Kentucky. The difference, however, was that African American men who were native Kentuckians were entering the automobile industry workforce in Kentucky more often than they were in any other state. To say it another way, between 1910 and 1930 African American men who left Kentucky were looking for opportunities in other states, and seeking jobs in the automobile industry was not the leading factor.<br /><br />Looking at the data provided by S. A. Reich in Table 3.1 on p. 69 of his <em>A Working People: a history of African American workers since Emancipation</em>, the automobile industry was not the largest industry employer for African Americans between 1910 and 1930. African Americans made up 4% of the U.S. automobile industry workforce in 1920 [8,156] and in 1930 [25,895], up from a low of 0.5% [569] in 1910. In relation to other industries, the employment percentages and actual numbers were much higher for African Americans in the steel industry [1910: 5.5% (17,432)]; [1920: 13.6% (47,797)]; [1930: 13.3% (45,472)]. The numbers and percentages had also been higher in the meatpacking industry [1910: 6.2% (5,800)]; [1920: 21.4% (28,300)]; [1930: 11.8% (20,400)]. <br /><br />So while the automobile industry drew potential African American employees to various northern cities between 1910 and 1930, it was not the sole industry to do so; it did not become a recognized industry employer of African Americans until after a couple of decades into the 20th century. The increased number of African American employees occurred when the overall number of employees increased in the automobile industry. In 1930, that total was 640,474 employees; of that number, the African American employees total was 25,895, or 4%. The labor force in the automobile industry was thought to have stabilized by 1930; some would say it had reached a peak in terms of competition, profits, and number of employees.<br /><br />However, going back to 1910, the types of jobs African Americans held in the automobile industry on the national level were at the bottom of the job ladder in less skilled and the most hazardous positions. Little had changed by 1930 when a very small number of African Americans were in more skilled positions, were car salesmen, or owners of car-related businesses. Those employed in more skilled positions were most probably employed by the Ford Motor Company in Detroit, MI. [See <a href="https://corporate.ford.com/about/history/company-timeline.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ford Motor Company History website</a>.]<br /><br />The Ford Motor Company was the first automobile manufacturing company to hire African Americans. The company had sent employment agents to southern states offering African Americans $5 per day for factory work, the same pay as whites. Employment for African Americans in southern manufacturing paid between $1.50-$1.75 per day. In October 1916, the Ford Motor Company announced that "the gentler sex" [women] too would be making the same pay as men, $5 per day [source: "Henry Ford Gives Women - Hands Credit to Wilson, $5 per day, <em>The Day Book</em> (Chicago), 10/25/1916, p. 8].<br /><br />It is not known if the Ford Motor Company recruitment agents came to Kentucky or if the company considered Kentucky a southern state. In 1919, an ad appeared on the front page of a Kentucky newspaper announcing the Ford Motor Company pay of $7 per day [source: <em>Richmond Daily Register</em>, 7/22/1919, p. 1]. The Ford Motor Company paid some of the highest wages to African Americans in the automobile industry, which had the desired effect of creating anti-union attitudes among African Americans in Detroit. All of that would later change; in 1927, the Ford Motor Company was feeling the pressure of competition, leading to several of the Ford factories being closed in order to retool and perfect the design of a new car, the 1928 Model A. Added to these changes was the increase in the number of African American employees joining labor unions.<br /><br />Many sources chronicle and analyze the entry and advancement of African Americans in the automobile industry and their joining labor unions. A few works have been listed below for additional information. The remainder of this entry looks specifically at where and when African American Kentucky natives were employed in the automobile industry from 1910-1930. <br /><br />Sources: <em>The Negro in the Automobile Industry</em>, by H. R. Northrup; C. S. Johnson, "The Changing economic status of the Negro," <em>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</em>, vol. 140 The American Negro, (Nov. 1928), pp. 128-137; L. H. Bailer, "The Negro automobile worker," <em>Journal of Political Economy</em>, vol. 51, no. 5 (Oct. 1943), pp. 415-428; J. F. Kain, "Housing segregation, Negro employment, and metropolitan decentralization," <em>The Quarterly Journal of Economics</em>, vol. LXXXII, no. 2 (May 1968), pp. 175-197; <em>African Americans in the U.S. Economy</em>, edited by C. A. Conrad, et. al.; <em>Great Depression: people and perspectives</em>, by H. Cravens and P. C. Mancall; <em>Black Detroit and the Rise of the UAW</em>, by A. Meier and E. Rudwick; "Automobile Industry" in <em>Encyclopedia of African American Society</em>, vol. 1, A-L, Sage Publications, 2005; and <em>Technology and the African-American Experience: needs and opportunities for study</em>, edited by B. Sinclair.<br /><br /><strong>1910-1930 AFRICAN AMERICAN EMPLOYEES IN AND FROM KENTUCKY IN THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY<br /><br /></strong>The following information is based on data taken from the U.S. Census looking at 584 African Americans who were born in Kentucky and employed in the automobile industry as it was defined by the U.S. Census Bureau from 1910 to 1930. The data is available in the .pdf document attached to this entry.<br /><br /></p>
<ul>
<li>Negro population in Kentucky in 1910 was 261,656 or 11.4% [131,492 males and 130,164 females], down from 13.3% in 1900 [source: pp. 721 & 723 in <em>Thirteenth Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1910, Volume 2</em>].</li>
<li>Negro population in Kentucky in 1920 was 235,938 or 9.8% [118,548 males and 117,390 females], down from 11.4% in 1910 [source: p. 26 in <em>Fourteenth Census of the United States, State Compendium, Kentucky</em>].</li>
<li>Negro population in Kentucky in 1930 was 226,040 or 8.6% [113,501 males and 112,539 females], down from 9.8% in 1920 [source: pp. 38 & 99 in <em>Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930, Population, Volume II, General Report Statistics by Subject</em>]. </li>
</ul>
<p>During the first three decades of the 20th Century, African Americans in and from Kentucky were employed in 25 states doing a variety of jobs in the automobile industry. Of the total employees, five were women and 579 were men. The automobile industry was a male workplace. It was rare for women such as Anna M. Ray in Chicago to be a car inspector in 1930; Birdie Hayne was a machinist in Detroit in 1920; 16-year-old Mabel Young worked in an automobile factory in St. Louis in 1920; and there was Margaret Owsley in Indianapolis, who was a maid at an automobile store in 1920, and Mattie Morgan was a scrub woman in an automobile shop in Louisville in 1920. The 1916 announcement in the <em>The Day Book</em> (Chicago) that women would be paid $5 per day at the Ford Motor Company in Detroit may not have been a message that reached African American women in Kentucky [see <em>Negro Women in Industry </em>by U.S. Department of Labor].<br /><br />For the African American male automobile industry employees from Kentucky, there were more than 60 jobs identified in the census records. The jobs ranged in skills and duties, including the employment of an elevator boy, assemblers, cement workers, a delivery boy, laborers, mechanics, a tire repairer, molders, a vulcanizer, an air hyster, and chauffeurs/drivers. There were also two teamsters: James H. Roberts working in a Detroit automobile company in 1910, and Adolph Dimeree who was working in an automobile body factory in Louisville in 1930.<br /><br />The first group of employees were found in the 1910 U.S. Census. There were 49 African American males born in Kentucky and employed in the automobile industry with the majority living in Kentucky (14), Indiana (14), and Ohio (12). The top jobs were chauffeurs/drivers (21), laborers (7), and machinists (6). The chauffeurs/drivers were employed at automobile companies or were private drivers in Indianapolis; Cincinnati, Columbus, and Dayton, OH; East St. Louis, Chicago, and Bloomington, IL; Wichita, KS; and Louisville and Mayfield, KY. </p>
<p>By 1910, African American males were still very much employed as drivers of horse-drawn vehicles and were slowly moving toward employment such as chauffeurs and private drivers of automobiles. According to L. J. Greene and C. G. Woodson in <em>The Negro Wage Earner</em>, pp. 110-112, the number of teamsters, draymen, hackmen, and chauffeurs more than doubled between 1890-1910. They were the second largest group of Negro workers in trade and transportation, doing menial work referred to in the South as "Negro jobs." These were the same jobs available to African American men in northern cities who could not find employment in the factories. Having a Negro chauffeur was thought to be a status symbol of wealth and class for the employers. For the workers in 1909, the average yearly wage in the automobile industry was $643, about $12.36 per week, or $2.06 per day (6-day workweek) [source: <em>Report on Motor Vehicle Industry, </em>by the Federal Trade Commission, June 5, 1939, p. 8]. <br /><br />In the 1920 U.S. Census, of the 203 African American males born in Kentucky and employed in the automobile industry, 44 were mechanics, 43 laborers, 33 chauffeurs/drivers, 23 machinists, and 16 repairmen. The number of chauffeurs/drivers had increased by 12 since the count in 1910. [Note: The chauffeur operating license cost $2 in Kentucky in 1920 and $1 to renew - source: <em>Facts and Figures of the Automobile Industry, 1921</em>, p. 73.] <br /><br />While the number of chauffeurs had slightly increased, African American men were moving into jobs that required some degree of technical skills as mechanics. There were also those who entered the automobile industry as undefined laborers. All were probably employees learning on their own or receiving on-the-job training or individuals providing services to African American automobile owners, because in 1920 automobile insurance and automobile service and repair were all segregated. Two ways of getting around the barriers were self-employment and education. Schools in Kentucky were segregated, and of the high schools that offered trades to African American students, there is no mention of them having automobile technical training courses by 1920. <br /><br />The recognized automobile school in Kentucky was in the YMCA central branch in Louisville [source: <em>Facts and Figures of the Automobile Industry, 1921</em>, p. 84]. In 1920, the YMCA branches in Louisville were segregated, with the central branch designated for whites. In the high schools, automotive mechanic courses were very slowly being added as part of the eight-four plan of reorganizing schools to include four years of high school [source: <em>The Gates Open Slowly</em>, by F. L. McVey, p. 262]. The reorganization started in 1917; three years later, the plan had not gotten off the ground. The unfinished work was the reorganization of the vocational curriculum, especially the preparation of teachers and the expenditures of vocational funds [source: <em>Biennial Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction of the State of Kentucky for the Two Years Ending June 30, 1921</em>, pp. 43-47]. A full-time supervisor of Trades and Industries and Home Economics education had been employed. A department of vocational teacher-training was organized at the land-grant schools, <a href="https://www.uky.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">University of Kentucky</a> and Kentucky Normal and Industrial Institute [now <a href="https://www.kysu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kentucky State University</a>].</p>
<p>So while public education in Kentucky was attempting to get more organized in order to offer the vocational education courses that would include automobile technical courses in the newly formed high schools, employment in the automobile industry was moving forward. African Americans were employed in automobile factories and companies and in the small automobile-related businesses such as car garages, stations, stores, and shops in Chicago, IL; Indianapolis, IN; Detroit, MI; St. Louis, MO; Winston Salem, NC; Dayton, Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Findlay, OH; and in the Kentucky cities of Barbourville, Frankfort, Hopkinsville, Lexington, Louisville, Paducah, and Parker. <br /><br />There was evidence of the automobile industry's drawing power to get a few African American males in Kentucky to move to other states. Of the 203 Kentucky-born men employed in the automobile industry in 1920, the majority lived in Kentucky (64), Ohio (40), Michigan (32), and Indiana (22). Smaller groups of employees had settled in Illinois, New York, Missouri, California, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee. In addition, there were individual employees who settled in Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, North Carolina, New Jersey, Oregon, Utah, Wisconsin, and West Virginia.<br /><br />In Kentucky, the employment of 64 African Americans in the automobile industry was almost nothing given that the automobile industry was booming across the board. Over two million passenger and commercial vehicles were produced in the United States in 1920, with the greatest sales in the U.S. and Europe. In addition to the European sales, 12,183 vehicles were shipped to African countries and nations, geographic locations under European rule [source: <em>Facts and Figures of the Automobile Industry, 1921</em>, p. 53]. Vehicle production in Kentucky came from the state's one passenger car factory and one motor truck factory. Consumers in Kentucky included the rural schools that used motor buses to transport 4,500 students. The state's total motor vehicle registrations were up from 19,500 in 1915 to 112,683 in 1920. Kentucky ranked 25th among the U.S. vehicle registrations in 1920. In Kentucky there were 483 passenger car dealers, 311 truck dealers, 490 automobile garages, 598 repair shops, and 662 supply dealers. Total gross motor vehicle revenue for Kentucky in 1920 was $815,539.31. [If converted to 2018 dollars, that amount would be $10,637,566.82]. ~ [Source: <em>Facts and Figures of the Automobile Industry, 1921</em>, pp. 7, 9, 21, 33, and 38-39.] The average yearly wage in the automobile industry in 1919 had increased from $1,431 to $1,498 in 1921 [source: <em>Report on Motor Vehicle Industry, </em>by the Federal Trade Commission, June 5, 1939, p. 8].<br /><br />By 1930, automotive mechanics courses had been added to the high school curriculum in Kentucky. For African Americans in and from Kentucky, the number of male automobile mechanics was at an all-time high of 105, though the men were still a very miniscule part of the automobile industry workforce. Of the 327 African American males born in Kentucky and employed in the automobile industry in 1930, there were 105 mechanics, 76 laborers, 17 porters, 15 car washers, 15 machinists, 14 janitors/maintenance workers, 11 chauffeurs/drivers, 11 repairmen, and six salesmen, with the remaining 162 men employed in 40 other automobile-related jobs. The 327 African American men lived and worked in 22 states with most in Kentucky (93), Michigan (69), Indiana (46), Ohio (37), and Illinois (31). <br /><br />The employment of Kentucky's African American males in the automobile industry in Michigan (69), was starting to rival that of the employment of African American males in the automobile industry in Kentucky (93). In Michigan, 66 men were employed in Detroit and the Wayne County area as laborers (36), machinists (6), janitors/maintenance workers (4), and hammer hands (2), along with 18 individuals employed in various jobs from car washer to welder. <br /><br />Meanwhile, in Kentucky the number of African American male mechanics had tripled since the last census. Of the 105 mechanics counted in the 1930 census, the largest group (48) were employed at home: Louisville (13), Lexington (5), and three or less in Madisonville, Heidrick, Ashland, Bowling Green, Cynthiana, Harlan, Henderson, Henryville, Hopkinsville, Kitchen, Maysville, New Castle, Olive Hill, Owensboro, Paducah, Russellville, Shelbyville, Stanley, Winchester, and Woodford County. <br /><br />The next largest group of African American automobile industry employees in and from Kentucky were 76 laborers, of which only 10 were in Kentucky: Covington, Hopkinsville, Kitchen, Louisville (4), Maysville, New Castle, and Somerset. <br /><br />The number of chauffeurs/drivers had decreased from the 33 counted in 1920 to 11 in 1930: Cincinnati (2), Nashville (1), and eight in Kentucky - Frankfort (2), Lexington, Louisville (3), Market House, and Maysville. The chauffeurs/drivers were the third largest group of African American men in Kentucky employed in the automobile industry. <br /><br />As the 1930s were about to begin, a few African Americans had moved into new jobs in the Kentucky automobile industry. The jobs were primarily a mix of old menial tasks that were now available to African Americans, combined with new jobs that had not been open before to African Americans in the state: car maker - Louisville; car washer - Louisville, Maysville (2), and Owensboro; helper - Louisville; laundry - Bowling Green, Covington, and Marion; molder - Madisonville; teamster - Louisville; tire repairman - Owensboro; trimmer - Lexington; and car unloader - Louisville. <br /><br />There was one passenger car assembly plant in Kentucky, in Louisville [source: p. 16 in <em>Facts and Figures of the Automobile Industry, 1929 edition</em>]. Kentucky had 808 vehicle dealers, 1,301 repair shops, 1,166 retail supply stores and supply departments, and 163 parts and accessory wholesalers [pp. 34-35]. It led the southeast in new truck sales with 4,680 [p. 52]; ranked second, behind Arkansas, with the least number of transportation buses, 599 [p. 61]; and ranked last in number of private carrier buses with 199 [p. 64]. Kentucky continued to rank 25th in U.S. vehicle registrations with 304,231 [p. 66]. Kentucky state license taxes, including gas taxes, totaled $11,467,039 in 1928 [p. 76]. <br /><br />The automobile industry in Kentucky was still viable and flourishing. On the national level, the average yearly wage in 1929 was $1,638, and due to The Depression, it would decrease to $1,228 in 1931 and to $1,035 in 1933 [source: <em>Report on Motor Vehicle Industry </em>by the Federal Trade Commission, June 5, 1939, p. 8].<br /><br />The Depression came when things were starting to look up; in other cities, especially Detroit and Chicago, there were more African Americans from Kentucky working in new types of automobile industry jobs than those in Kentucky. The jobs were higher skilled positions: air hyster - Saginaw, MI; assembler - Los Angeles; car body builder - Chicago; crane operator - Detroit; die mover - Detroit; drill press operator - Detroit; fireman - Detroit; floor man - Chicago; foundry hand - Indianapolis; hammer hand (2) - Detroit; heater man - Detroit and Ft. Wayne IN; license inspector - Chicago; millwright - Detroit; receiving clerk - Chicago; salesmen - Chicago, Dayton OH, Detroit, Elmsford NY, Gary IN, and Royal Oak MI; sand blaster - Cleveland OH; shipping clerk - Springfield OH; steel cutter - Detroit; tool grinder - Detroit; tool maker - Detroit (2); vulcanizer - Chicago; and welder - Detroit.</p>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Automobile Dealerships and Factories
Migration North
Migration South
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https://ukscrc001.net/nkaa/files/original/63f403fe367c3b64a882c0c11083b3d1.pdf
8515272f5fbbdf42699910b3c9ca6f27
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
NKAA Entries
NKAA Entries
Kentucky County & Region
Nicholas County - Bluegrass
Fleming County - Bluegrass
Lincoln County - Knobs Arc
Bourbon County - Bluegrass
Kentucky Place (Town or City)
Carlisle
Paris
Outside Kentucky Place Name
Colorado Springs, CO
Cincinnati, OH
Dublin Core
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Description
An account of the resource
<p dir="ltr"><span>In 1955 Carlisle, KY integrated its schools, allowing African American students to attend Carlisle High School. This decision was pushed, not only by the recent Brown v. Board of Education edict from the U.S. Supreme Court but also by the cost of busing the city’s Black students via Greyhound buses to Western High School, the Black high school in Paris, KY [source: McGuffey, A.]. The county students were bused via a yellow van to a different high school.<br /><br />The decision to integrate the schools came down to a vote within the city school board, Board member Mrs. Shaw casting the deciding vote that broke the tie. She was the mother of Billy Shaw, the quarterback of the Carlisle High School football team. According to multiple accounts, Mrs. Shaw was targeted as a result of her spirited defense of integration. <br /><br />Ten students voluntarily attended Carlisle High School that very first year [source: A History of Education in Kentucky]. Of those ten, four young Black men tried out for the football team: Asbury McGuffey, W.H. Farris, and brothers Gayle and Ronnie Wilson. The Carlisle High School football team is believed to be the first integated high school football team in Kentucky.<br /></span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>These Black players led the Carlisle team to a 19-0 victory <span>in the season opener</span> against Paris High School, in Paris, KY, an all-white school [source:<em> Courier Journal</em>, Sept 18, 1955]. During the course of the regular season, they helped the team to a nearly undefeated record, losing only one game to Montgomery County High School, the last game of the season. In the postseason they appeared in the Central Kentucky Conference Tournament. <br /><br />According to the <em>Courier-Journal</em>, their white teammates were accepting for the most part; there were disagreements, but the team functioned as a whole. This tolerance was encapsulated by the words of team quarterback Billy Shaw, who is quoted as saying <span>to Coach Wells before the arrival of his new teammates</span>, “We don’t care what color they are as long as their jersey is green,” [quoted in source: <em>Finding the Fifties</em>, by D. J. Dampier, p. 229]. One reason for this acceptance was that the young men were known to their teammates through their participation in intramural softball [Source: McGuffey, A.]. <br /><br /></span>However, this tolerance was not shared by all, especially in places they traveled to play football. According to Asbury McGuffey, if they had a “nickel for every time they were called a N-er,” they would be rich. While playing away games, the young men were subjected to a lot of animosity from rival players, fans, and coaches. After their game at Stanford, which Carlisle had won resoundingly, the defeated team and its fans attempted to prevent Carlisle’s team from leaving by rocking the bus. <br /><br />In addition, segregation in public accommodations was an aggravating obstacle. In order to alleviate some of the burden during the season, the parents of white teammates of the Carlisle team would bring food and drinks since there were few restaurants that would serve African Americans [Source: McGuffey, A.]. After a game in Flemingsburg KY, all of the white members of the Carlisle team walked out of a restaurant that refused to serve their fellow Black teammates.</p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>The four Black players would go on to graduate from Carlisle High School, Gayle in 1957 and the other three in 1958. After high school, they all entered the armed forces; Ronnie in the Air Force while Asbury, W. H. Farris, and Gayle entered the Army, according to Mr. McGuffey and Jackie Wilson, the daughter of Ronald Wilson. Asbury McGuffey would play football in Europe while in the Army and was part of a championship game. </span></p>
<p dir="ltr"><span>Asbury McGuffey went on to marry Ronnie and Gayle’s sister Jeannette Wilson, with whom he had two children. </span>Ronnie Wilson went on to retire from the Air Force. He and his wife Carrie Bean Wilson live in Colorado Springs, CO. Gayle Wilson and his wife Barbara live in Cincinnati, OH. William Harvey Farris (W.H.) died on October 3, 2013, and is buried at Camp Nelson.<br /><br />This entry was written by Angelica Miller.</p>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Athletes, Athletics
Football
Jim Crow
Military and Veterans
Bus Transportation: Employees, Owners, Segregation
Air Force, U.S.
U.S. Army
Title
A name given to the resource
Carlisle's 1955 Integrated Football Team
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Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
NKAA Entries
NKAA Entries
Sort
COLES COUNTY ILLINOIS ANTHONY AND JANE BRYANT
Person
n
Legacy Identifier
854
Start Date
1840
Kentucky County & Region
Nicholas County - Bluegrass
Bourbon County - Bluegrass
Outside Kentucky Place Name
Coles County, Illinois
Virginia
West Virginia
Tennessee
Liberia, Africa
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Coles County, Illinois [Anthony and Jane Bryant]
Description
An account of the resource
<p>The African American settlers of Coles County, Illinois, came from Kentucky, Virginia, West Virginia, and Tennessee, all around 1840. The settlers from Kentucky included Isom and Lucy Anne Bryant (Lucy was from Kentucky); the Derixson (or Derrickson) Family, escaped slaves from Nicholas County, Kentucky; and Mr. and Mrs. George Nash (George was from Kentucky). A famous slavery case that took place in Coles County involved Anthony Bryant, a free man, and his wife Jane Bryant, a slave, and her four children [some sources say six children]. Slave owner Robert Matson, from Bourbon County, wanted to take Jane and the children from Coles County back to Kentucky, and he enlisted the help of lawyers U. F. Binder and Abraham Lincoln. Matson lost the case, and the Bryant Family moved to Liberia, Africa. For more see <em><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/300001092">History of Negro Slavery in Illinois and of the Slavery Agitation in that State</a></em>, by N. D. Harris (1904); and J. W. Weik, "Lincoln and the Matson Negroes," <em>Arena</em>, v.17, 1896-97 Dec-Jun, pp.752-758 [available full view at <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=60MZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA752&dq=lincoln+and+the+matson+negroes&ei=go2ASdTWKo3WlQSk3YyKBQ">Google Book Search</a>].</p>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Freedom
Liberia, Liberian Presidents and Diplomats
Migration North
Migration Outside the U.S. and Canada
Court Cases
1st African American Families in Town, Community, or County
Migration from Kentucky to Africa
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
NKAA Entries
NKAA Entries
Birth Year
October 23, 1909
Death Year
February 8, 2000
Sort
GRIFFIN EDNA
Person
y
Legacy Identifier
11
Outside Kentucky Place Name
New York City, NY
Walpole, NH
Des Moines, IA
Kentucky County & Region
Nicholas County - Bluegrass
Kentucky Place (Town or City)
Carlisle
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Griffin, Edna M. Williams
Description
An account of the resource
<p>Edna M. Williams Griffin was born in Carlisle, KY and grew up in Walpole, NH. She later moved to Des Moines, IA. A 1933 <a href="https://www.fisk.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fisk University</a> graduate, she was employed as a school teacher in New York City when she enlisted in the Army in 1945, according to her enlistment record in Ancestry. She was married to Dr. Stanley Griffin; after her military service the couple moved to Des Moines, where Edna<br />became a civil rights activist in the Progressive Party. She had also been an activist at Fisk.<br /><br />In 1948, Edna's daughter and some friends were refused ice cream cones in the Katz Drug Store in Iowa because it did not serve African Americans. Griffin led sit-ins, picketed the drug store, and sued the store owner. She won her civil case and was awarded $1. Griffin went on to found the Iowa Congress for Racial Equality and participated in the March on Washington in 1963. She was the co-chair <span>of Shirley Chisholm's 1972 bid for the Democratic Party's nomination for President of the United States.<br /><br /></span>Edna M. Williams Griffin was the oldest of the four children of Edward and Henrietta Williams. Both of her parents were from Kenucky. The family had not been in New Hampshire very long when they were enumerated in the 1920 U.S. Census. Edward Williams supported his family as a farmer. All of the children were born in Kentucky; the youngest was two years old in the 1920 Census.<br /><br />For more see T. Longden, "Edna Griffin," <em><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/300001481">Des Moines Register</a></em>, 1/28/2001, Metro Iowa Famous Iowans section, p. 1B; the <a href="https://aspace.lib.uiowa.edu/repositories/4/resources/1950">Edna Griffin Papers</a> at the University of Iowa website; and "Services are set for Edna Griffin, civil rights pioneer," <em>The Des Moines Register</em>, 2/25/2000, p. 21.</p>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Activists, Civil Rights
Migration North
Migration West
CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)
Ice Cream
Women's Army Corps (WACs)
Military and Veterans
U.S. Army
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
African American Women Veterans in and from Kentucky
NKAA Women Veterans
Military Branch
Women's Army Corps
Active Duty Entered
February 26, 1945
Kentucky County & Region
Nicholas County - Bluegrass
Kentucky Place (Town or City)
Carlisle
Notes
See the Edna M. Williams Griffin main entry link below.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Griffin, Edna M. Williams
Subject
The topic of the resource
Women's Groups and Organizations
Military and Veterans
U.S. Army
World War II